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What are the components of the nervous system? All body systems are of high importance in the human body performing its vital functions naturally, and the nervous system occupies the first ranks in terms of importance in our lives, in that it is the device that enhances communication between us as human beings and our surroundings in which we live, especially as it enhances the work of the nervous system. The five senses that activate our perception of the outside world, and in our article today via the reference website, we will learn about the human nervous system and its basic components, the function of each part of it and its various organs, its importance in our lives, its most common diseases and how to maintain it.

The human nervous system

The nervous system is a very complex system, consisting of a complex network of neurons and even more glial cells that transmit messages to and from the brain, and despite its small size, it is responsible for the focus of sensation in humans, such as sensation, heat, cold, etc., and weighs The components of the human nervous system are only about 2.04 kg, which represents about 3% of the entire body weight, and like other systems in the body that take their orders from the brain, the brain is the motor leader of the nervous system that transmits its commands, and therefore the nervous system is a communication device between The brain and other organs of the body.[1]

How many neurons are in the human body?

What are the components of the nervous system?

The nervous system consists of the central nervous system, the peripheral or peripheral nervous system, and the autonomic nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that branch from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body, and the autonomic nervous system consists of Of two main divisions, the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system, and the nervous system transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body, including the internal organs, and through this process, the activity of the nervous system controls many vital functions in the body such as movement, breathing, vision and other functions Which we will get to know in the context of this article in addition to explaining the components more broadly.[1]

The central nervous system

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the medulla or spinal cord, which control the work of this small and very important organ, and each of them has its own structure, and its task entrusted to it in the working mechanism of this organ, and each of them consists of the following:[2]

• The brain: The brain consists of three main parts, the forebrain, which is the most complex, and it consists of the cerebrum, which contains all the folds and grooves, in addition to some other structures beneath them. The pituitary, and the midbrain, which is located below the middle of the forebrain, and acts as the main coordinator of all messages entering and leaving the brain to the spinal cord and hindbrain or hindbrain, and is located at the posterior end of the brain, and consists of the cerebellum, bridge and medulla, which are called together, in addition to the midbrain , the name of the brainstem.
• Spinal cord: It is a long, thin and tubular bundle consisting of nerve tissue and supporting cells. The length of the spinal cord is 45 cm in men and 43 in women. It starts from the brain, specifically at the occipital bone, and extends down to the space between the first and second lumbar vertebrae, and crosses The spinal cord The openings inside each vertebra in the spine, amounting to 33 vertebrae, that protect the spinal cord, and although the spinal cord’s primary function is to transmit nerve signals between the brain and the rest of the body, it contains nerve circuits that can control many reactions independently. about the brain.

Peripheral or peripheral nervous system

It is a branched network throughout the body, and the main component of the peripheral nervous system is neurons and glial cells, and each cell consists of three sections: the cell body, which contains the nucleus and organelles of other cells, and the dendrites that extend from the cell body and receive nerve impulses from Other neurons, and the axon which is a long extension of the cell body that transmits nerve impulses to other cells, and each of the neurons and glial cells has its own task, which is the following:[2]

• Neurons: They are the structural and functional units of the nervous system, as they transmit electrical signals to the brain called nerve impulses. Neurons consist of three types: sensory neurons, nerve impulses from tissues and organs to the spinal cord and brain, and motor neurons that transmit nerve impulses from The brain and spinal cord are connected to muscles, glands, and internal cells that carry nerve impulses back and forth between sensory and motor neurons.
• Glial cells: They are non-neuronal cells, and they have several functions in that they work to protect neurons, help support and keep neurons in place, help move nerve impulses by creating an insulating substance called myelin, repair neurons and help restore Its function, as it truncates dead neurons, and works to regulate neurotransmitters.

autonomic nervous system

It is part of the nervous system, especially in the supply of the internal organs of the body, including blood vessels, stomach, intestines, liver, kidneys, bladder, reproductive organs, heart, salivary and digestive glands. The autonomic nervous system consists of three main sections:[2]

• Sympathetic or sympathetic nervous system: It is located near the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord, and the sympathetic system performs involuntary actions that require a quick and immediate reaction, which scientists call the fight-or-flight reaction, and one of its most important functions is to regulate heart rate, respiratory rate, and pupil response. To light and subconscious escape.
• Parasympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system: The parasympathetic nervous system works with involuntary actions that do not require an immediate reaction. The functions of the body stimulated by the nervous system include sexual arousal, secretion of saliva, urination, digestion, defecation, etc.
• Intestinal autonomic nervous system: Although this system is subordinate to the peripheral nervous system, its work is separate, and functionally, it is responsible for controlling the smooth muscle and glandular tissues of the digestive system.

nervous system function

There are many important functions performed by the nervous system in the human body, and these functions include all voluntary and involuntary reactions issued by this system, and these functions include the following:[3]

• Basic functions: which are related to the integration of the work of the central and peripheral nervous systems with each other, and are represented in receiving information about the environment around us, and generating responses to that information.
• Enhancement of sensory function: It is the first major function of the nervous system, which is related to the work of the five senses. Sensory neurons send information from the eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin to the brain, and motor neurons carry messages from the brain to the rest of the body.
• Enhanced response: The response is not limited to muscles, such as pulling the hand when feeling heat, but this term is broader than this task, the nervous system causes all types of muscle tissue to contract, such as skeletal muscle contraction to move the skeleton, heart rate increases during exercise, contraction of Smooth muscle during digestion, neural control of glands such as the production and secretion of sweat, and the action of the endocrine glands in the skin to lower body temperature.
• Integration and integration: integration appears when stimuli received by sensory structures are communicated to the nervous system, where this information is processed, and integration appears when the nervous system compares stimuli with other stimuli or memories of previous stimuli.
• Control of the body: This relates to the voluntary or voluntary reaction such as the contraction of the skeletal muscles to cause movement, and the corresponding involuntary reaction such as flight, fear, breathing, and others, which are processes that control the human body in a very useful way.

The importance of the nervous system

The importance of the nervous system comes in terms of the fundamental role it plays in every aspect of our lives and well-being, as it directs our daily activities such as waking up, or automatic activities such as breathing, and complex processes such as thinking, reading, remembering and feeling emotions, in addition to the other aspects that it controls. I represented:[3]

• It controls brain growth and development.
• Our perception of the tangible external world is controlled by the five senses.
• It controls the learning processes and activates the work of memory.
• Perception is the mental process that interprets sensory information.
• It controls our thinking and emotions such as crying, sadness and joy.
• Controls the appearance of aging and signs of aging.
• It contributes to important processes such as breathing and heartbeat.
• It controls voluntary and involuntary movement, balance and coordination.
• Contributes to the recovery and rehabilitation of organs.
• It controls stress and the body’s responses to stress, anxiety, and more.
• Contributes to the regulation and stabilization of body temperature.
• It sends alerts of feeling hungry, thirsty and indigestion.
• Manages puberty, reproductive health, fertility, sex, and more.

nervous system diseases

Despite its very small size, any defect in this device may cause serious diseases, especially in the brain and human musculoskeletal system. Among the most dangerous diseases caused by a defect in this device are the following:[4]

• Alzheimer’s disease: a type of dementia that affects a person’s thinking, behavior, and ability to perform daily tasks.
• Bell’s palsy: Or what is known as Bell’s palsy, which is sudden weakness or paralysis on one side of the face, resulting from inflammation or damage to the facial nerve.
• Cerebral palsy: It is damage to the brain that leads to poor development, and it usually occurs in early childhood or before or during birth. Cerebral palsy affects the movement, posture, balance and coordination of the body, and is sometimes associated with impaired vision, hearing and speech, and it may cause involuntary muscle movements.
• Motor neuron disease (MND): This is an abbreviated name for a group of diseases that affect motor neurons, in which nerve cells are born, die, and muscles slowly become weaker, eventually leading to paralysis.
• Multiple sclerosis: It is a chronic disease that affects the central nervous system, and it occurs when there is damage to the protective sheath known as myelin, which surrounds nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord, and this leads to the inability of cells to send signals around the body properly.
• Parkinson’s disease: or what is known as Parkinson’s disease, and results from damage to the nerve cells that produce dopamine, which leads to the loss of smooth muscle control and movement.
• Sciatica: Which leads to pain in the back and legs, and occurs when the pain travels along the path of the sciatic nerve that runs from the bottom of the spine to the foot.
• Neurofibromatosis: It is a genetic disease, and it is characterized by the growth of non-cancerous neurofibromas, however, in very rare cases it can be cancerous, and it is not curable.

How to maintain the nervous system

Caring for the health of the nervous system is easy and simple, and requires only attention and regular health care, which includes the following:[4]

• Avoid or overindulge in stimulants, such as coffee or anything that contains caffeine.
• Avoid drinking alcohol and excessive smoking.
• Not carrying heavy objects, or carrying things incorrectly.
• Regular exercise, but avoid strenuous exercises, or wrong posture during exercise.
• Eat regularly, so you don’t run out of glucose, which nerve cells use for energy.
• Eat foods that contain good levels of vitamins B-12 and D, as well as healthy fats.
• Sleeping at least 8 hours a day, helps to strengthen the circuits within the nervous system.
• Avoid exposure to chemicals or breathing polluted air.
• While sitting and lying down, the positions should be comfortable for the spine.

The unit of structure and function in the nervous system is the neuron

nervous system components and functions pdf

The nervous system is one of the most important organs in the body, which controls almost all of its functions, as it is the link of communication between humans and the external environment, and given the importance of this system and its functions, we present this research as a pdf file that can be downloaded “from here”, in order to remain a reference that can be referenced If necessary.

search for nervous system doc

The study of the nervous system is one of the priorities that ordinary people are interested in, as are scientists, because the person needs to know this central system in a deeper way, to know how to deal with it in terms of preserving and protecting it, and in order to achieve the maximum benefit from this research, we present it in the form doc file that can be downloaded “from here”, so that everyone who is interested can download it as a Word file that is easy to print on paper.

In this way, we reach the end of our article, which was entitled What are the components of the nervous system, through which we got acquainted with the human nervous system and its basic components and the function of each part of it. Maintaining it, as we presented this research in pdf and doc formats to achieve the highest levels of interest.